Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; Piesārņojums ar smagajiem metāliem augsnē ir nopietna vides problēma. Bijušajās rūpnieciskajās, izgāztuvju, militārajās teritorijās atstātais vēsturiskais augsnes piesārņojums un tā rekultivācija ir jautājums, kura risināšanai iespējami dažādi varianti. Promocijas darbā "Piesārņotu grunšu un augšņu rekultivācija ar modificētām piedevām – smago metālu imobilizācija" tika veikti eksperimentāli pētījumi par inovatīvu modificētu piedevu – modificēta māla un humusvielu – izmantošanu efektīvai smago metālu piesārņojuma imobilizācijai. Papildus tika izvērtētas metālu atrašanās formas piesārņotajās un rekultivētajās augsnēs, kā arī inovatīvo augsnes sorbentu efektivitāte. Papildus izstrādāti ieteikumi pamatotai atbilstošo modificēto piedevu izvēlei kompleksa piesārņojuma gadījumos. Pētījumu rezultāti liecina, ka modificētajām piedevām, kas iegūtas no lokālām izejvielām, ir labas perspektīvas, lai videi draudzīgi rekultivētu ar smagajiem metāliem piesārņotu substrātu; piedāvāts indikatīvais modelis piemērotu rekultivācijas tehnoloģiju izvēles pamatojuma izstrādes vajadzībām. Atslēgvārdi: smagie metāli, "vieglā" rekultivācija, stabilizācija/- ; Heavy metal contamination is the inheritance of modern society and a serious environmental problem. Brownfields, dump sites, former and active industrial and military areas often demand remedial solutions concerning this problem. The aim of the dissertation "Contamination remediation with soil amendments by immobilization of heavy metals" included the development and testing of applicable soil amendments for hard and gentle heavy metal remediation approaches and the elaboration of an indicative decision support model for choosing the best available solution. In addition, aspects of metal speciation and immobilization efficiency were studied through experimental work with innovative modified clay and humic substances as remedial soil amendments. The obtained results revealed broad perspectives for the use of local resources in gentle remediation by soil amendments for heavy metal contaminated territories and showed indicative guidelines on how to choose the right applicable method in different cases.
In 1994 the landfill mining concept was introduced in Sweden influenced from the USA where it had been practiced for decades and many conferences held. USA was visited and the first landfill mining manual was imported. During 90s several test excavations for research were carried out with the focus on separation of valuable materials for recovery as well as efforts were made to develop new machinery for landfill mining and material sorting. Sorting in three fractions was made and a test was also performed to backfill fractions and irrigates the material for biogas production creating a landfill bioreactor. The first ideas about the fine fraction reuse also appeared; this fraction might valuable metals and the first XRF testing was carried out to determine potential. The first international landfill mining seminar was held in Sweden and it was believed that there should be landfill mining boom. The reason of this opinion was that Sweden has 4 000-6 000 old landfills/dumps existing, in the Baltic Sea Region it makes 75 000 -100 000 and in whole EU up to 500 000. However, it didn´t happened nevertheless at the end of the first decade of 21st century several international conferences and seminars were initiated in UK. Landfill mining was also introduced in Asia and the first landfill mining manual for use in Asia was written. The interest of landfill mining has increased significantly in the Baltic Sea Region and Belgium where in Flanders there exist about 2 000 old dumps that are a hinder for future land use exploitation. Many landfill mining PhD courses were held in cooperation of Baltic Sea Region countries, with students representing up to 17 nations. The Zero Waste approach started to be introduced in a daily manner and its importance for the circular economy was outlined. The concept Beyond the Zero Waste was introduced on ideas about construction of Bank Account landfill cells technique for potential saving of valuable soil fractions/sediments/sludge for future economy utilization. Opportunities for recovery of metals and nutrients from sea sediments and glass waste were conceptualized as glass mining, harbor/bay/lagoon mining. Still there are excavation and remediation projects carried out just for moving polluted masses from one place to another and no sorting is scheduled; ideas for future utilization and recovery are existing in present without applied use. Remediation in old manner creates risks for environment and economic resources are wasted. The Governmental tools for economic steering of real landfill mining projects need to be adjusted as stakeholders are interested in the concept. The paper gives a historical journey for introducing landfill mining in Sweden, the Baltic Sea Region and EU. ; In 1994 the landfill mining concept was introduced in Sweden influenced from the USA where it had been practiced for decades and many conferences held. USA was visited and the first landfill mining manual was imported. During 90s several test excavations for research were carried out with the focus on separation of valuable materials for recovery as well as efforts were made to develop new machinery for landfill mining and material sorting. Sorting in three fractions was made and a test was also performed to backfill fractions and irrigates the material for biogas production creating a landfill bioreactor. The first ideas about the fine fraction reuse also appeared; this fraction might valuable metals and the first XRF testing was carried out to determine potential. The first international landfill mining seminar was held in Sweden and it was believed that there should be landfill mining boom. The reason of this opinion was that Sweden has 4 000-6 000 old landfills/dumps existing, in the Baltic Sea Region it makes 75 000 -100 000 and in whole EU up to 500 000. However, it didn´t happened nevertheless at the end of the first decade of 21st century several international conferences and seminars were initiated in UK. Landfill mining was also introduced in Asia and the first landfill mining manual for use in Asia was written. The interest of landfill mining has increased significantly in the Baltic Sea Region and Belgium where in Flanders there exist about 2 000 old dumps that are a hinder for future land use exploitation. Many landfill mining PhD courses were held in cooperation of Baltic Sea Region countries, with students representing up to 17 nations. The Zero Waste approach started to be introduced in a daily manner and its importance for the circular economy was outlined. The concept Beyond the Zero Waste was introduced on ideas about construction of Bank Account landfill cells technique for potential saving of valuable soil fractions/sediments/sludge for future economy utilization. Opportunities for recovery of metals and nutrients from sea sediments and glass waste were conceptualized as glass mining, harbor/bay/lagoon mining. Still there are excavation and remediation projects carried out just for moving polluted masses from one place to another and no sorting is scheduled; ideas for future utilization and recovery are existing in present without applied use. Remediation in old manner creates risks for environment and economic resources are wasted. The Governmental tools for economic steering of real landfill mining projects need to be adjusted as stakeholders are interested in the concept. The paper gives a historical journey for introducing landfill mining in Sweden, the Baltic Sea Region and EU.
One of key activity in the Baltic Sea Region strategy is in transition from linear economy to circular economy. The one of the first step to circular economy is to reduce flow of potentially recyclable material and substance flow to waste pool. The one of possible solution is phytoremediation. The aim of this study is to highlight phytoremediation advantages and limitations in circular economy context at Baltic Sea Region. The first task is to identify phytoremediation technologies for soil and groundwater remediation, second task is to evaluate phytoremediation technologies in Baltic Sea Region context, third task is to give recommendation for land owners, municipalities and governments for phytoremediation technologies application. The results show high potential of phytoremediation technologies in non-point source pollution reduction in agricultural sector. The high potential of phytoremediation technologies application is in decentralized sewage water management systems. The circular economy approach can be applied to digester, wood ash and sewage sludge phytoremediation integration in renewable energy sector by wood chips production. The phytoremediation show high potential as circular economy driving force in Baltic Sea Region. ; One of key activity in the Baltic Sea Region strategy is in transition from linear economy to circular economy. The one of the first step to circular economy is to reduce flow of potentially recyclable material and substance flow to waste pool. The one of possible solution is phytoremediation. The aim of this study is to highlight phytoremediation advantages and limitations in circular economy context at Baltic Sea Region. The first task is to identify phytoremediation technologies for soil and groundwater remediation, second task is to evaluate phytoremediation technologies in Baltic Sea Region context, third task is to give recommendation for land owners, municipalities and governments for phytoremediation technologies application. The results show high potential of phytoremediation technologies in non-point source pollution reduction in agricultural sector. The high potential of phytoremediation technologies application is in decentralized sewage water management systems. The circular economy approach can be applied to digester, wood ash and sewage sludge phytoremediation integration in renewable energy sector by wood chips production. The phytoremediation show high potential as circular economy driving force in Baltic Sea Region.
Abstract Natural as well as anthropogenic processes impact greatly sensitive coastal areas all over the world. The spectrum of natural processes involved can be classified as meteorological, geological, marine, and lithodynamic. The Baltic Sea with its Gulf of Riga is an area in which combined sea erosion and accumulation processes, as well as alluvial processes, play significant roles in the coastal development. Major anthropogenic processes include impacts from ports and coastal protection structures, such as Riga Port hydraulic structures, fairway channels and coastal defence items. During summer also additional pressure of recreational activities has increased the effect on the coastal beach. Levelling data, historical cartographical material and beach sedimentary material granulometric analysis were used to describe natural and anthropogenic effects on development of the coastal beach of Daugavgrîva Island.
Rural and urban landscapes are primary targets for implementation of EU Baltic Sea Regional and Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea action plan strategies concerning remedial and recycling operations. Sweden is one of the leaders in the world elaborating environmental engineering and sustainability progress. The international project entitled "Phytoremediation park for treatment and recreation at glassworks contaminated sites" (acronym PHYTECO) which gathered under the Tripple Helix concept researchers, municipality experts and businessmen from Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine. The aim is to investigate the benefits of prospective environmentally friendly mining in contaminated with glass waste areas thus as the result having elaborated landscape quality, promoted beyond the zero waste ideas on recycling and driven phytoremediation technologies as future state-of-the-art landfill remedial technique. The ongoing project foresees cross-border collaboration on landscape policy and remediation strategy among Baltic Sea countries through share of knowledge and best practice among the involved partners. It intends the clean-up of rural landscapes damaged by old glassworks landfills located at Kingdom of Crystal, Sweden. The final goal is establishing a recreation park at the old Boda glassworks in Emmaboda town that may attract tourists for visiting this place. Hence large efforts are devoted to educational values which were targeted during field course in 2016 where international students of different levels from 25 countries participated. The course took place in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Sweden with active participation of Ukrainian pedagogic forces. ; Rural and urban landscapes are primary targets for implementation of EU Baltic Sea Regional and Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea action plan strategies concerning remedial and recycling operations. Sweden is one of the leaders in the world elaborating environmental engineering and sustainability progress. The international project entitled "Phytoremediation park for treatment and recreation at glassworks contaminated sites" (acronym PHYTECO) which gathered under the Tripple Helix concept researchers, municipality experts and businessmen from Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine. The aim is to investigate the benefits of prospective environmentally friendly mining in contaminated with glass waste areas thus as the result having elaborated landscape quality, promoted beyond the zero waste ideas on recycling and driven phytoremediation technologies as future state-of-the-art landfill remedial technique. The ongoing project foresees cross-border collaboration on landscape policy and remediation strategy among Baltic Sea countries through share of knowledge and best practice among the involved partners. It intends the clean-up of rural landscapes damaged by old glassworks landfills located at Kingdom of Crystal, Sweden. The final goal is establishing a recreation park at the old Boda glassworks in Emmaboda town that may attract tourists for visiting this place. Hence large efforts are devoted to educational values which were targeted during field course in 2016 where international students of different levels from 25 countries participated. The course took place in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Sweden with active participation of Ukrainian pedagogic forces.
Archaeological excavations in Tuva Republic and Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia Federation, take a place along the planned railway line Kyzyl-Kuragino. Wide archaeological works are done due to the high number of burial sites situated on the planned route of railway and therefore will be destroyed during the construction works in, so called, Tuvian Valley of the Kings and Upper Yenisey region. The burials of Scyths, who wandered around the Eurasian steppe, from the northern borders of China and Mongolia to the west, the Black Sea region, are remaining from the 7th to 3rdcenturies B.C.; some of the burials belong to Yenisey Kyrgyz culture and they are thought to be of younger age. The structure of burial site, named 'kurgan', firstly is shaped by using satellite and remote sensing pictures as visual distinctions of burials in the area can be observed more clearly from above. Further, potential expedition routes in taiga and steppe environments are planned and archaeologists do the preliminary inspection of the burial mounds to be excavated and researched in details. Under the supervision of scientists, brigades of volunteers are formed and clean-up of each individual burial mound starts by removing vegetation and land body mass which covers the structures. Stones are cleaned from dust and greenery; picket-marks are installed and detailed photographic sessions from several meters above kurgans provide the set of pictures for subsequent processing and research. Every stone is measured using geodetic instrumentation. Next comes removal of kurgan stones, except the main concentric circle structures of larger stones, digging is performed until the natural soil layer is reached. The two thin land-strips oriented athwart and crossing all the concentric structure are maintained from the original mound structure. Fresh cuts on both sides of these land-strips are made until the surface of the natural soil layer. Geodetic and photogrammetric measurements after data processing and application of special software allow to create the 3D model of the kurgan structure. Afterwards, based on the experience from previous archaeological studies in similar sites and specifics of each structure, digging in depth can begin close to the central part of the kurgan. Unfortunately, most of the burial sites have been robbed already in ancient times; these irruptions can be pinpointed if the central part of the structure itself is slightly depressed, but texture of soil layers is folded and disturbed. Wooden coffins can be situated in various depth, from 2m to 6 m, and are remaining in different conditions. Therefore, careful investigation must be performed before removal of bones and artifacts prior further analytical part of studies is proceeded. Research of Scythian and Kyrgyzian kurgans in the Kyzyl-Kuragino railway project area have been performed intensively during the last decades, more intense works are done from 2011 till present with the great help of federal and local governmental authorities, scientific community, international company "EVRAZ" and Russian Geographic Society. ; Archaeological excavations in Tuva Republic and Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia Federation, take a place along the planned railway line Kyzyl-Kuragino. Wide archaeological works are done due to the high number of burial sites situated on the planned route of railway and therefore will be destroyed during the construction works in, so called, Tuvian Valley of the Kings and Upper Yenisey region. The burials of Scyths, who wandered around the Eurasian steppe, from the northern borders of China and Mongolia to the west, the Black Sea region, are remaining from the 7th to 3rdcenturies B.C.; some of the burials belong to Yenisey Kyrgyz culture and they are thought to be of younger age. The structure of burial site, named 'kurgan', firstly is shaped by using satellite and remote sensing pictures as visual distinctions of burials in the area can be observed more clearly from above. Further, potential expedition routes in taiga and steppe environments are planned and archaeologists do the preliminary inspection of the burial mounds to be excavated and researched in details. Under the supervision of scientists, brigades of volunteers are formed and clean-up of each individual burial mound starts by removing vegetation and land body mass which covers the structures. Stones are cleaned from dust and greenery; picket-marks are installed and detailed photographic sessions from several meters above kurgans provide the set of pictures for subsequent processing and research. Every stone is measured using geodetic instrumentation. Next comes removal of kurgan stones, except the main concentric circle structures of larger stones, digging is performed until the natural soil layer is reached. The two thin land-strips oriented athwart and crossing all the concentric structure are maintained from the original mound structure. Fresh cuts on both sides of these land-strips are made until the surface of the natural soil layer. Geodetic and photogrammetric measurements after data processing and application of special software allow to create the 3D model of the kurgan structure. Afterwards, based on the experience from previous archaeological studies in similar sites and specifics of each structure, digging in depth can begin close to the central part of the kurgan. Unfortunately, most of the burial sites have been robbed already in ancient times; these irruptions can be pinpointed if the central part of the structure itself is slightly depressed, but texture of soil layers is folded and disturbed. Wooden coffins can be situated in various depth, from 2m to 6 m, and are remaining in different conditions. Therefore, careful investigation must be performed before removal of bones and artifacts prior further analytical part of studies is proceeded. Research of Scythian and Kyrgyzian kurgans in the Kyzyl-Kuragino railway project area have been performed intensively during the last decades, more intense works are done from 2011 till present with the great help of federal and local governmental authorities, scientific community, international company "EVRAZ" and Russian Geographic Society.
For the next century to come, one of the biggest challenges is to provide the mankind with relevant and sufficient resources. Recovery of secondary resources plays a significant role. Industrial processes developed to regain minerals for commodity production in a circular economy become ever more important in the European Union and worldwide. Landfill mining (LFM) constitutes an important technological toolset of processes that regain resources and redistribute them with an accompanying reduction of hazardous influence of environmental contamination and other threats for human health hidden in former dump sites and landfills. This review paper is devoted to LFM problems, historical development and driving paradigms of LFM from 'classical hunting for valuables' to 'perspective in ecosystem revitalization'. The main goal is to provide a description of historical experience and link it to more advanced concept of a circular economy. The challenge is to adapt the existing knowledge to make decisions in accordance with both, economic feasibility and ecosystems revitalization aspects. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Biomass is defined as organic matter from living organisms represented in all kingdoms. It is recognized to be an excellent source of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids and, as such, embodies a tailored feedstock for new products and processes to apply in green industries. The industrial processes focused on the valorization of terrestrial biomass are well established, but marine sources still represent an untapped resource. Oceans and seas occupy over 70% of the Earth's surface and are used intensively in worldwide economies through the fishery industry, as logistical routes, for mining ores and exploitation of fossil fuels, among others. All these activities produce waste. The other source of unused biomass derives from the beach wrack or washed-ashore organic material, especially in highly eutrophicated marine ecosystems. The development of high-added-value products from these side streams has been given priority in recent years due to the detection of a broad range of biopolymers, multiple nutrients and functional compounds that could find applications for human consumption or use in livestock/pet food, pharmaceutical and other industries. This review comprises a broad thematic approach in marine waste valorization, addressing the main achievements in marine biotechnology for advancing the circular economy, ranging from bioremediation applications for pollution treatment to energy and valorization for biomedical applications. It also includes a broad overview of the valorization of side streams in three selected case study areas: Norway, Scotland, and the Baltic Sea. ; This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18238 (Ocean4Biotech), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). AR and KK: this research was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding P1-0245 and P1-0237). AR: this publication has been produced with financial assistance of the Interreg MED Programme, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 8MED20_4.1_SP_001, internal ref. 8MED20_4.1_SP_001) – B-Blue project. SG, CT, and JO: this work is financed by national funds from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences - UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy – i4HB. JaB and WH: the preparation of the manuscript was supported by the Project CONTRA (Conversion of a Nuisance to a Resource and Asset #R090, 2018–2021) of the INTERREG Baltic Sea Region Program, and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education from the 2019–2021 science funding allocated for the implementation of international co-financed project W24/INTERREG BSR/2019. Research of Maris Klavins, VB, and LA was supported by ERDF project 1.1.1.1/16/A/050 "Variable fuel gasification for municipal solid waste recovery." MC acknowledges the funding from CEEC program supported by FCT/MCTES (CEECIND/02968/2017) and Strategic Funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 supported by national funds provided by FCT and ERDF. AD acknowledges financial support provided by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No 857287 and Latvian Council of Science research project No. lzp-2020/1-0054. MKa: the Interreg LAT_LIT Programme, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (LLI-525 ESMIC). LB acknowledges the funding from Erasmus + Project No. ECOBIAS 609967-EPP-1-2019-1-RS-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP; GA.2019-1991/001-001. Development of master curricula in ecological monitoring and aquatic bioassessment for Western Balkans HEIs/ECOBIAS. IS and KP acknowledge financial support provided by the projects CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007323 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754 (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic). ZV-G acknowledges support within the project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/029 (Formula of peat-free soil conditioner with controlled-release fertilizing effect applicable for soil remediation and quality improvement of agricultural production). IZ: the projects SLTKT20427, KIK 17431 and SARASWATI 2.0. JuB: the project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/3/19/531 (Innovative technologies for stabilization of landfills – diminishing of environmental impact and resources potential in frames of circular economy). The work conducted by CR, LA-H, and MA was fully financed by Møreforsking AS. ; Peer reviewed
